sandr038

"I just wanted to thank you for posting all these notes. I took my AS level in 2015 and got an A in biology thanks to you. If only the physics notes had existed back then... I never had the chance to thank you but today while I was organizing my computer files I stumbled upon your blog and saw that it has grown so much! So congratulations on that too!" "I am now applying to colleges and hopefully I will be able to be accepted to one of my dream schools (MIT, Stanford or Caltech). If I get in, it will be largely thanks to you. You taught me that if I really put the effort into it, I can achieve great things by myself –well, and also with the help of your notes of course :) Anyways, thank you very much for everything. You are an incredible teacher who has opened my eyes to the scientific world. I want to study physics or engineering and hopefully some day be also an inspiring teacher just like you. Sorry for the long post and once again: a big thanks from the bottom of my ...

Hey guys, so here are the notes I've written for A2 Biology 2016 papers 4 and 5. There are parts where I've written in pencil so it's fairly hard to read, or other places where I've condensed the words too much with symbols, so it probably isn't easy for other people to understand. But if this poses useful to you any bit at all, I'd be happy to share it :) Click  HERE  to download. 

Download it  HERE .

Click  HER E  to download. 

Click HERE to download. 

Click  HER E  to download. 

 1 Gene technology involves altering the genes in an organism, which is then said to be genetically modifi ed.  2 The usual way of genetically modifying bacteria is to insert a plasmid containing the desired gene into them.  3 The steps involved in the production of bacteria capable of synthesising human insulin are:    identifying the human insulin gene;    isolating mRNA and making cDNA using reverse transcriptase;    cloning the DNA using DNA polymerase;    inserting the DNA into a plasmid vector using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase;    inserting the plasmid vector into the host bacterium;    identifying the genetically modifi ed bacteria;    cloning the bacteria; and harvesting the human insulin.  4 The main advantage of treating diabetics with human insulin produced by gene technology is that it is chemically identical to the insulin that they would have produced had they not been diabetic...